Organisational Theory Essay Example for Free

Hierarchical Theory Essay Apple is a worldwide mammoth whose achievement has been based on redistributing to a scope of different associations situated over the world. By what means can diverse hierarchical hypothesis points of view help us in securing distinctive comprehension of Apple, its authoritative system and impact? In this article you should use at any rate two points of view to investigate Apple. Presentation In this upset world, changes happen quickly, be it in a sorted out or scattered way (Henry Veltmeyer 2008). Associations are managing increasingly complex frameworks and ideas. The investigation of hierarchical hypotheses bit by bit picks up significance since it includes the investigation of dynamic issues identifying with associations. It is basic as it benefits in breaking down and finding new implications to life both inside and outside the association (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Apple’s creative story has been told and retold surrounding us. Its prosperity is to a great extent because of the late prime supporter, Steven Paul Jobs. With the death of Steve Jobs, Apple Inc is as yet succeeding and presently the most respected organization is the world (Fortune 2012). In hierarchical hypothesis, the achievement of Apple can be dissected into two points of view that shift amazingly; Modernist and Post-Modernist. The pioneer credits Apple’s accomplishment to its one of a kind association outline and ‘knowledge is power’ association culture. Post-pioneer offer credits to Apple’s affirmation of talks and condition impacts identified with the association. Apple’s capacity to produce incredible amounts of items to satisfy the need and its reliable commitment with partners demonstrated the endeavors to be serious in the business. It is likewise a noteworthy commitment to its prosperity. Be that as it may, Apple’s method of making progress is a reason for banter because of its neurotic relationship with its partners. This exposition expects to give an investigation into Apple’s Inc association; viewpoints of its partners and how the relationship towards its condition. The setting of the article will be isolated into two sections. Section An and B. Section A will address the meta-hypothetical suspicions of pioneer and post-innovator and how it identifies with organisation’s force, control and the earth. Part B will apply the presumptions and definitions to some degree A to break down innovation and postmodernism points of view on Apple. The attention will be on the manners in which that Apple exhibits force and how it impacts its condition and system which incorporates partners. Section A Cosmology Cosmology is characterized as the science or investigation of the real world (McAuley, Duberley Johnson 2007). It looks to explain what are the truth and the marvels we take to establish parts of the truth. Modernist’s ontological supposition that is portrayed as objectivism. It guarantees that social world and the truth is all together and that the fact of the matter is in a normal, organized way paying little heed as far as anyone is concerned (Boisot Mckelvey 2010). They see the existent of time is genuine paying little heed to the human’s mindfulness in light of people create theory and recommendations that indicated the truth of time. Then again, there is no away from on the ontological suspicion of postmodernism. It is created in response of innovation position (Moore 2001). Postmodernist rejects and challenge the pioneer view and contend that time is ‘created’ through the talks of human since it gives significance and confirmation to people. Epistemology Epistemology is the investigation of the rules we set and how it legitimizes the conviction. It tries to explain how creatures make information to guarantee the world is defended. Pioneer takes a positive purpose of points of view in survey the world in look for information. Modernist’s epistemological supposition that is positivism, whereby reasonable speculations and practices of information will characterize reality and comprehend nature(Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). They sees ‘truths’ to be the disclosure of the human’s precise speculation and conceptualization to be broke down with the truth found in target world. Regardless, postmodernism rejects modernism’s idea of ‘truths’. It depicts reality as a dreams made by dialects and talks. It alludes to the emotional methods by which people sort out what they see. Talks are contemplations, composed or spoken or any mediums that build a specific marvel, they are in a social and politically semantic structure that impacts people understanding and comprehension of it (Crowther Green 2004). Rather, postmodernist expects to give an elective clarification/which means using talks. Strategy impact on Organization Innovator Proceeding from the epistemology of innovation, it sees misgiving of information implies seeing all part of an association capacities. Methods of settling and dissecting association issues are created to more readily oversee and make benefit for the organization. Innovation and the methodological term, positivism, support the structures and episteme authenticity in this ‘noisy’ world. Post-pioneer Post-current technique lies in ‘anti-positivism’, where language, talk and deconstruction are the principle impacts. Language can have diverse importance and distinctive criticalness when joined with different words (Moore 2001). The development that could be produce may shift amazingly in various conditions. Postmodernists consider this thought the Ludwig Wittgenstein’s idea of language games. Information makes and replicates talk that activity control and twist the truth that pioneer expect. The idea of talk develops in ‘poststructuralist phonetics as a methods for examining the aggregate procedure that builds and shapes language in use.’ Deconstruction ‘is a method of perusing and rehashing writings utilizing various settings so as to uncover their basic insecurities and numerous interpretations.’ Association Power and Control Associations require power. Force in associations needs to work on the marvels of changing association rehearses and changing the manners by which association scholar have hypothesized the practices (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Max Weber recommended that force is settling on choices as indicated by arranged outcomes where the social on-screen character gets the opportunity to choose the methods and finishes of activity. Political researcher, Robert Dahl further lives the relationship of the on-screen character by recommending that on-screen characters might be people or aggregate which prompts various instruments of intensity (Clegg, Courpasson Phillips 2006). ‘A’ can get ‘B’ to accomplish something that ‘B’ would not in any case do, much the same as the theoretical philosophy of billiard where the noteworthy lies more on the methodology and gamesmanship behind the signal instead of conclusive situation of the balls. Anthony Giddens, extended Weber’s meaning of intensity expressing that force includes a lot of capacities that intercede a given arrangement of occasions by 2 unmistakable sorts of assets; allocative and legitimate. In pioneer associations, Weber contended, formal discernment would be best settled and where strength will be generally finished. Innovation sees power in associations as a structure to arrange exercises in the quest for association objectives. It looks to force request on the disarray and to incorporate the contending interest and plans with the goal that a solitary, amicable vision and a predictable arrangement of premises administer the direct of members. The instrument of intensity apparently resolves clashes through arrangement and boost control of tasks. Innovator sees controlling people in association vital on the grounds that worker has personal circumstance that will frustrate association intrigue. The innovator control hypotheses of organization, group and office will be applied on Apple. Interestingly, Postmodernism scholar contends that brought together objectives can emerge just when predominant on-screen characters delegitimize elective translations and rationalities. It underscores the focal job of intensity in molding social establishments. The association of intensity and information is thought to be indivisible and in this way information loses a feeling of honesty and lack of bias (Scott 2003). Postmodernist demand that the balanced proper structure must be set nearby different casual frameworks that speak to endeavors to oppose any single vision of request (Hassard 1995). Foucault’s hypotheses brought up that opposition towards mastery is inescapable as force originates from all over the place. Any type of opposition will simply fortify them (Clegg et al. 2006). It sees power as a multi-dimensional in light of the fact that it resembles a system that scattered all through social, political and authoritative world. Association Environment and Network Authoritative condition is anything dwelling beyond association that may affect upon the association. The association needs to adjust well to its condition and the other way around for the relationship to work in a perfect possibility (Hatch and Cunliffe 2006). Pioneer accepts there is limit among association and the outside condition. Condition relates the elements, for example, between hierarchical system and its partners. Systems are characterized as partners, purchasers, ecological gatherings, contenders, etc. Pioneer scholar expect that there are sources of info and yields between the association and condition. The earth enables and obliges an association; it impacts upon authoritative objectives and should be overseen. Partner hypothesis alludes to any on-screen character that is indispensable for the endurance or accomplishment of the association, and due to the limit, different components doesn't concern. As the center is clarifying how ecological impact works, pioneer scientists created hypotheses to examine the enviro

The Good Evil Transformation Hamlet Essay Example For Students

The Good Evil Transformation Hamlet Essay Hamlet’s changes from great to underhanded in the play Hamlet by Shakespeare. Hamlet encounters a great deal of agony and turns out to be very resentment in light of his father’s passing, his mother’s terrible remarriage, and the loss of his lone love, Ophelia. The misfortunes that Hamlet needs to manage are the annoyance and absence of pardoning work in himself. This permits Hamlet’s genuine contemplations and character to be uncovered through his speeches. To start with, Hamlet uncovers his desires that he could simply soften away and be gone; in such a case that he bites the dust, he would be liberated from the world. Hamlet considers how is father was a pioneer and went from a respectable lord to a ruler that doesn't want to assist his with peopling and serve his nation. Hamlet adores the force and the distinction that is accompanies being a lord. Hamlet likewise shows his indignation and mistrust with ladies as a rule â€Å" Frailty, thy name is women† like his mom and her awful marriage with Clauduis. Hamlet says he is â€Å"sick at heart† over his father’s demise and his mother’s remarriage. Hamlet discovers that his uncle Clauduis has slaughtered the King, Hamlet’s father. We will compose a custom article on The Good Evil Transformation Hamlet explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now The phantom of Hamlet’s father advises him to attempt to look for evenge against Clauduis who was answerable for the king’s murder. In this way, Hamlet needs to slaughter Clauduis to retaliate for his father’s demise. Hamlet must execute his uncle and get his guiltless hands brimming with blood, so he can vindicate his father’s demise. Hamlet currently transforms into a beguiling individual. He currently attempts to think of an arrangement to murder Clauduis for his wrongdoing. Hamlet begins to scrutinize his capacity to seek retribution for his father’s demise. He thinks about whether he is an over the top quitter. Hamlet begins to think on the off chance that it is smarter to live with the agony of his father’s murder or attempt o seek retribution by executing his uncle Clauduis. Hamlet accepts that passing is equivalent to resting, until the end of time. Hamlet thinks in the event that he could go into a profound rest that would stop all the torment and enduring in addition to all his distress and he would be glad to do it. Hamlet wavers about ending his own life and nodding off everlastingly on the grounds that, he feels that when he is snoozing he will have dreams and the fantasies he will be exceptionally upsetting to him. Just because, Hamlet meets his mom in security. At any rate that is the thing that he thinks. He begins to talk about his sentiments of his mom, yet he pledges that e will talk knifes, however he will never really utilize one. While Hamlet talks with his mom, another person is tuning in to all their words. Polonius has formulated an arrangement to shroud himself behind a blind in the room and tune in on Hamlet and his mother’s discussion to see whether Hamlet has gone frantic. Hamlet finds that there is something behind the shade. He feels that it is Clauduis holing up behind the drapes and that he will at last seek retribution like the apparition asked him to. Hamlet thinks his journey to retaliate for his father’s passing is going to end. In any case, he is going to discover that it isn't correct. His aspiration bamboozles him, and he doesn't think effectively. Hamlet slaughters the incomparable Polonius. Prior to this occasion, Hamlet is known to utilize his insight before he submits an assignment, yet this one activity appeared to change his destiny. He later accuses his franticness as being liable for the demise of Polonius. Hamlet is currently beginning to lose his psyche. Hamlet currently sets aside some effort to think about all the occasions that have recently happened. Everything isn't going his direction, makes his vengeance for his father’s murder extremely troublesome. .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .postImageUrl , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .focused content territory { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:hover , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:visited , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:active { border:0!important; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:active , .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:hover { haziness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .focused content region { width: 100%; position: relati ve; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content enhancement: underline; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; fringe sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe span: 3px; content adjust: focus; content beautification: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: supreme; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u5c72 a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55 .focused content { show: table; stature: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u5c72a1b41c61f297fdd2caf4e77f2a55:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Andrew Coleman 10K Wednesday, 02 April 2003 EssayHe that hath made us with arge talk and the lack of ability of making exceptional explanation, made us just contain one section knowledge and three sections weakling. † With this, he addresses why he despite everything lives to state these words. â€Å"Witness this military of such mass and charge, drove by a sensitive and delicate ruler, whose soul, with divine desire puff’d. † Hamlet underscores how an upright and unadulterated soul gets squashed by desire, the yearning of getting prestigious and acknowledged. â€Å"My contemplations be bleeding or be not much. † Hamlet has now uncovered his own emergency. A noble and unadulterated soul that has been squashed by his yearning retribution towards Claudius. In Hamlet by Williams Shakespeare, Hamlet’s character is seen toward the start of the play as one of uprightness and respectability. He turns into a survivor of malevolence and corruptness since he never pardons Claudius for killing his dad and furthermore never excuses his own mom for wedding Claudius. Hamlet’s character change is plain to find in the last line of his last speech â€Å"my considerations be ridiculous or be not all that much. † He permits himself to become somebody that succeeds off the idea of vengeance, and this, eventually, gets him executed.

Alumni Notes #1 February 2011 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Alumni Notes #1 February 2011 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Every so often I work with our Director of Alumni Affairs and I get highlights on what some of our alumni are doing.   I received a report from her earlier this week and started to digest it.   I decided to divide the information into two posts.   This first post covers three general sectors and the next post will cover NGOs, the United Nations, business, academia and think tanks. Below are sector titles, names, program, graduation year, organizations, and titles.   Feel free to follow the links for related pages on those referenced. Media and Technology Na Eng MIA 1999:   News and Documentary Producer, CNBC. Omoyele   Sowore MPA 2003:   Founder of Saharareporters.com Claire Shipman MIA 1994:   Senior National Correspondent, ABC News Richard Smith MIA 1969:   Chairman, Newsweek Lan Yang MIA 1996:   Sun Media Investment Holdings Politics and Government Bill de Blasio MIA 1987:   New York City Public Advocate Eric Garcetti MIA 1995:   President, Los Angeles City Council Patricia Haslach MIA 1981:   Deputy Coordinator for Diplomacy of the Department of States Office of the Coordinator for the Global Hunger and Food Security Initiative, US Department of State Shannon Lightner-Gometz MPA 2001:   Deputy Director, Illinois Dept of Public health, Office of Womens Health Robert Scher MIA 1991:   Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for South and Southeast Asia, U.S. Department of Defense Chun Yung Woo MIA 1994:   Korean Senior Presidential Secretary for Foreign Affairs and National Security, Korean Government. Philanthropy Scott Campbell MIA 1995:   Executive Director, Elton John AIDS Foundation Richard Greenberg MPA 2004:   President, The Fund for New Jersey. Anisa Kamadoli Costa MIA 1998:   President, The Tiffany Co. Foundation Ferry Pausch MIA 2001:   Managing Director, Deutschlandstiftung Integration Rita Soni MIA 2001:   CEO, NASSCOM Foundation

Corporate Social Responsibility As Risk Management

In the interviews with the five managers, the research found three made reasons being posited for engaging in CSR. These are similar to what Kytle Ruggie (2005) indicates in his study. The three reasons are discussed below: †¢ Philanthropy The structured interview session revealed that majority of the managers (5) prefer philanthropy as a direct and â€Å"least involving† CSR strategy. These managers admitted that they channel their financial contribution to various governmental or non-governmental organizations that act as implementing agencies of various programs in the society. This support model is the most preferable CSR concept as compared to other CSR strategies that have been discussed in this paper. This has been confirmed by Kytle†¦show more content†¦These entail the construction of schools by these corporates and paying fee for the learners. The respondents equally mentioned that they intend to be involved in supporting churches and other social institutions directly. The researcher also had discussions with the interviewees regarding the benefits that these CSR activities have brought to the organization. It was established that many organizations have a CSR Policy, which defines areas of concern and initiatives to improve relations with the people and environments affected by business operations (Bell, 2016). The interviewees agreed however that CSR is about more than environmental responsibility or having a recycling policy. Its initiatives take organizations beyond compliance with legislation and leads them to honor ethical values, respect people, communities and the natural environment. But most of all CSR is sustainable - involving activities that their organization can maintain without adversely affecting the business goals. Few benefits mentioned were; 1. Win new business 2. Increase customer retention 3. Develop and enhance relationships with customers, suppliers and networks 4. Save money on energy and operating costs and manage risk 5. Differentiate company from competitors 6. Improve the business reputation and standing 7. Generate positive publicity and media opportunities due to media interest in ethical business activities Participants were asked a series of open-ended questions related to

Ethical Issues in the Fashion Industry Essay - 2151 Words

Fashion is everything to society and the media. The fashion industry has transformed into a necessity in the life of people. Everyone wants to look good, feel fabulous and feel as if we belong with everyone else. The envy and desire to wear certain things and look a certain way all come, from wearing the latest fashion handbags, accessories, dresses, shoes, and the list goes on. But, when is considering fashion into an individual’s life going too far to the extreme? Many do not consider the whereabouts of fashion materials and how the environment is affected by the mere existence of certain garments. Some may believe these objects grow on trees. But that is clearly not the case. Even though it would be nice. The fashion industry as a†¦show more content†¦2005). Exposure to the contamination can lead to future health issues. For instance, the development to brain tumors, brain cancers, kidney cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, and leukemia as well as reproductive effects such as birth defects, fetal death, and intrauterine growth retardation. This is just one of the many problematic issues pertaining materials used for clothing. Not much people know, but polyester is also very harmful. The raw material itself is used to produce polyester oil. Unfortunately, oil belongs to the non-renewable category. With oil as one of the top resources needed in the world, polyester production is not sustainable. It is also non-biodegradable. In other words, oil is not decomposable. So when these textiles end up in a land-fill, it will remain there for a long period of time. About twelve billion pounds of post consumer textiles waste ends up in land-fills every year and half of them are polyester. In addition to the prominent environmental problems originating from pollution created in the production process, a case has been reported that an inland sea turned into a desert because of a re-routing of water to nearby cotton farmlands. Obvio usly, for our future generations as well as the sustainable development of the fashion industry, we must pay full attention to establishing an ethicalShow MoreRelatedEthical Issues in the Fashion Industry3518 Words   |  15 PagesEthical Issues in the Fashion Industry Introduction This essay reflects on the lecture titled Creative Economy by Martin Bouette. I found this lecture relevant to my final project. My topic is the changing trends in the apparel industry. How Corporate Social Responsibility affects the supply chain, going local from global, vertical from horizontal. The lecture is relevant in many aspects, for example the knowledge societys changes and ethical issues and responsibility within the apparel industryRead MoreEthical Consumerism Of Fast Fashion1750 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract Fast fashion has received a great deal of public attention in recent years. However, the phenomenon of ethical consumerism in fast fashion is under-researched. This study explores current barriers to ethical consumerism in fast fashion. There is a body of research that investigate intention and the actual behavior of ethical minded consumers (Carrington et al. 2010; Beard 2008; Brandstà ¤tter et al. 2006; Kim et al. 2013) but not much has been done on ethical consumerism including the drivingRead MoreZara E-Business672 Words   |  3 PagesExecutive Summary E-business Background Zara, part of Spanish giant Inditex Group, provides clothing products to customers demanding fast fashion that looks like high fashion at lower prices. It has been considered as the most remarkable fast fashion company of the 21st century. In order to understand and analyze the dynamics of the sector and the current state of Zara, Porter’s Five Forces and SWOT analysis will be used. E-Marketing The key elements of Zara’s e-marketing strategy include socialRead MoreFast Fashion Vs. Slow ( Luxury ) Fashion1291 Words   |  6 PagesContemporary Design Issues Stage One - Initial Research Essay Fast Fashion vs. Slow (Luxury) Fashion By Alanna Mitchell In 2014, Jean Paul Gaultier retired from his Ready-To-Wear line. In an interview with The Associated Press he said, Too many clothes kills clothes... Fashion has changed.† (1) This change that Gaultier is referring to is known as â€Å"Fast Fashion†. It is a phenomenon within the fashion industry that â€Å"has made its way into Australian consumers’ wardrobes over the past five years†Read MoreSustainable, Environmentally Friendly And Ethical Products1227 Words   |  5 Pagesinto a global trend and became an integral part of (fashion) design and production process [1]. It is a stage in the life cycle of fashion garment. Why so? Because it explores approaches such as low impact textiles techniques, zero waste techniques, repair and maintenance techniques, closed-loop design systems, low-impact manufacturing technologies, mono-materiality, design durability, and up cycling. Sustainable fashion, also known as eco fashion, is part of the larger growing trend of creating moreRead MoreThe Fashion Industry And Manufacturing Process842 Words   |  4 PagesThe fashion industry is certainly not for the faint of heart. It is an industry full of ups and down. And it is one that is quite labor-intensive. Fashionable apparel begins as the aesthetic brainchild of a designer (or team of designers). And as the item(s) gain life, each works its way through the m any facets of the manufacturing process. The Fashioned Body: Fashion, Dress, Modern Social Theory notes that â€Å"to understand fashion, it is necessary to go beyond the discussion of pure aestheticsRead MoreChild Labor And Sweatshops1465 Words   |  6 Pagesthe greed of the clothing industry. (Smestad, 2009). Although some clothes are inexpensive on the price tag, the real expense is the people making the clothes. Ethical clothing is the answer to prevent sweatshops, while fast fashion on the other hand not, the customers must be the change to this problem. The clothing supply chain is a complex system. So, how than can a society make sure their purchasing decisions do not contribute to sweatshops? The answer is ethical clothing, which is a greatRead MoreEthics of the Textile Industry1463 Words   |  6 PagesThe textile industry faces many ethical issues; unfortunately the outworking industry is a growing problem in the fashion world which often goes unheard of. While outworkers are facing poverty, Australian teenage fashion consumers are oblivious to this extreme ethical issue. Young people should be addressing the outworking industry in Australia in an attempt to improve the current and future economical and ethical situations. This essay will investigate the working conditions of outworkers, the amountRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1527 Words   |  7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ‘Globalization’ on fashion with special ref erence to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as „world fashion‟. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalizationRead MoreThe Effect of Globalization on Fashion with Special Reference to the Impact of Japanese Designs on the European Scene1521 Words   |  7 Pagesct Analyse the effect of ‘Globalization’ on fashion with special reference to the impact of Japanese designs on the European scene. The definition of globalisation is quite complex and extremely controversial. However globalization with reference to the fashion industry helps defines the development of what has been termed as „world fashion‟. Preferred garments of young people is quite often the same. A phenomenon made possible by the exploitative mechanisms of globalization. The globalization of

Differences Btwn Lpn and Rn Free Essays

THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN A LPNS AND RNS RAHAB KAIRU TRANSITION TO THE RN 03/28/2013 THE DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES BETWEEN LPNS AND RNS In today’s society its maybe difficult to differentiate between LPNs and RNs, this is usually because of the socialeconomic values and more availabilities of LPNs than RNs and also because there some similarities between LPNs and RNs. The differences start right from school. While most LPNs programs are a one year programs and LPNs get a diploma, most RN programs are at least 2 year program they get an associate degree. We will write a custom essay sample on Differences Btwn Lpn and Rn or any similar topic only for you Order Now RNs and LPNs take two different exams, the RN exam is more comprehensive and more indepth as compared to LPNs exams. RNs take NCLEX-RN while LPN take NCLEX-RN. In some states there are maybe different board of nursing that deal with either LPNs and RNs, example in California ther is California board of RN and Californa board of vocational nursing and phychiatrist Technicians. RNs study is more in depth, have alot more prerequisites as compared to LPNs. RNs have more knowledge in psychology , clinical, assessment and management skills. LPNs work under direct supervison of an RN or a Doctor while RNs work independently under doctors orders. LPNs may not be allowed to do somefuctions such as initial assessment during patient admission or some procedures such as IV therapy, they may monitor IV therapy and report to an RN,while RNs have no restrictions. LPNs are usually in the nursing pool while RN do most of the management. There is also a difference in pay. RNs make more money compared to LPNs. RNs have more career opportunities, while LPNs are more restricted on their choices. Most hospitals do not hire LPNs. Its also easier for an RN to advance in educations as compared to LPNs; there are more online schools and different specialization that an RN can choose. Some of the similarity between lpn and RNs are that they are closely regulated by the board of nursing and always have to be in compliance. Both have to take countinuing education to maintain their licences. In most states the LPN and RNs salary falls in the same tax bracket. Lisa M Shaffer BSN,RN and Kathy Johnson,BSN,RN and Carolyn Guinn,Msn,RN. (March 2010) Remedifying role confusion; Diffrentiating between RN and LPN roles. Vol. 5 No. 3 Retrived from http://www. americannursetoday. com/article. aspx? id=6382 Beth Greenwood. (2002) RN vs LPN Responsibilities. Demand media. Retrived from: http://work. chron. com/lpn-vs-rn-responsibilities-5379. html How to cite Differences Btwn Lpn and Rn, Essay examples

Research and Proposal and Social Equity Theory

Question: Discuss about the Research and Proposal and Social Equity Theory. Answer: Aim and Motivation of the Project Employment generates a relationship between the employee and the employer, which works in favour of both the parties. It helps in achieving their objectives by helping each other. An employees productivity at work helps in achieving the aims and objectives of the firm. An employees occupation status could be either full time or part time. A full time employee is more dependable by the organization, that a part time employee. Hence, the employee status for an organization matters the most. A part time employee, sometimes lacks the eagerness to perform well for the firm, as they are employed only for limited time span (Deakin and Morris 2012). Earlier cases of many employment schemes prove that part time employees, tend to degrade the productivity status of the company. This proposal aims at framing the employment status of the employees and analysing their contribution to the growth of the company. Background of the Research One of the biggest worries in todays world is the combination of the workforce consists mostly of temporary workers. This has resulted in adverse effects on the productivity of the companies. As the work environment has been dependant on various other factors, hence, the effect of temporary employment in an organization has not been successful in measuring its impact on productivity clearly (Burke 2013). During some earlier decades, there has been a considerable rise in the short term employment opportunities in various companies (Siegrist and Wahrendorf 2016). There has been an attraction towards the short term employers, which results in negative impact to the productivity of the organization. There are negativities like injustice, isolation, absence of permanency at work, ending of contracts when the work is in progress. The firm employs short term employees in order to adjust the cost of seasonality with the intention of reducing extra employee benefit costs associated with each employee. They overlook the negative impac5s that is associated with the employment scheme. Objective of the study Analysing the effects of employees occupation status with regards to the productivity of an organization is an important approach. To provide an access to the company to analyse the sluggish productivity rate, for which one of the major factors is the short term employment policy generated by many companies. The objective of this research is to analyse these companies and calculate its effects with regard to the short term employment as well as other associated effects. Research Question The research question with regard to this proposal is that : Does employees occupation status for the organization impact Productivity Does short term employment schemes results in loss for a company How is occupation term and status lay a negative impact on the economical structure of a firm Theoretical Review There are various academic evidences that provide a clear view of this research proposal topic. The studies in relation to the aspect are as follows : Social exchange theory Social exchange theory is a psychological viewpoint, that helps in analysing change in social stability and in the methods of negotiation between the two parties. According to this theory, it can be said that human forms bonds between the two depending upon the cost effective framework that is framed (Payne 2014). The choices framed by an individual depends upon their cost benefit analysis, with the assumptions found in rational choice theory and structuralism. According to Homans, there is a system of proposition, success , stimulus and deprivation-satiation proposition in relation to the social exchange theory. Blau felt that if the individuals would emphasize themselves more towards the psychological aspects of life, they would be away from the developing aspects of the theory. He emphasized more on economic explanations regarding this theory (Prochaska 2013). Richard Emerson, another researcher, said that social exchange is a framework rather than being a theory. It is responsible to compare the framework with structural functionalism. Work stress model : As per McMichael (2016), Work stress model helps in analysing the economic and human consequences related to the increase in stressful job characteristics , and how these cases can get implicated in various stress related psychological and physical problems. This model states that short tem employment for an employee does not help the workers, rather it raises the stress of the workers. The short term employees are treated by their owners as an outsider and they do nit get the benefits that the normal full time employees get (Carraher, Carraher and Millage 2013). This creates a fall in the performance of the workers, as they feel inferior to the other full time workers. Their co-workers and managers feel uncomfortable in mingling with the, as to why any ad must be provided tp someone who is an outsider. The effect of these short term employees fall in productivity affects the smooth functioning of the company. Equity Theory : As stated by McKown (2013 ),Equity theory focuses on measuring the distribution of resources between the individuals of an association. It measures the distributions of cost and benefits within a firm. Equity theory measures the level of fairness that is prevailing in an industry. It depends on the ratio of inputs to outputs. With the help of this model, the difference in salaries in the productivity of a worker could be seen. Short term employments generate quite low salaries, that the long term employees. This creates a feeling of dissatisfaction among the people . This theory shows that the probability of leaving the work, creeps within the employees, with regard to the unfair attributes prevailing in the company (Smelser 2013). This creates a sense of dissatisfaction and uncomfortable atmosphere of working in the firm. Hence, there is a huge fall in the productivity of these workers, that effects the productivity of the firm in return. Research Gap While analysisng various theories and research done on the productivity report analysed by various researchers, we have come up to the conclusion that productiviry analysis regarding the short term employment opportunities of the workers have not been conducted accurately. Each research has been conducted by eliminating one one of the variables. Work stress model does not consider the variable of equity among the workers, the social equity model overlooked the concept of work stress model and equity model too overlooked the concept of work strees. Therefore, these theories and analysis have not been too helpful in achieving an ideal situation in order to measure the drawbacks towards the productivity of the company. In tgis research, one of the main objectives is to analyse all the situations of work stress, social, and equal factors that influence the outcomes of the firm. Research Methodologies and Techniques Research Philosophy In order to analyse the causes and effects of short term employments, the researcher needs to get a brief view of the factors affecting the situation of short term employments. The researcher needs to include positivism philosophy in order to include different subjects, that are connected and related to the research topic. Research that are based on positivism approach helps in providing the research with huge scope of exploring the various factors with regard to data collection and interpretation of the data through observation. Positive philosophy also uses deductive approach , that are based on existing theories made earlier with regard to the topic (Martin 2013). Deductive Approach The research process is a deductive approach , as it is based n the existing theories mentioned in the literature review. The research process is used to check its possibility with regards to the provided data (Ganster and Rosen 2013). This approach helps the people in examining the hypothesis based on the theories that has been framed earlier. It would help the owners of the firm and the workers to get a view of how employment status affects the productivity of the firm. Research Techniques The techniques that would be formulated in this research proposal would be both qualitative and quantitative in nature. Data of ten years would be derived from the people working in the firm, thereby formulating thereby occupation status. Another approach would be done by sending a questionnaire to each of the employees, that would help in analysing the current situation of these workers (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2012). Analysing those results with the help of various software applications, we can analyse the effect of occupation status on the firm chosen. Project Plan The project plan is described in a Gantt chart, which helps in accessing the various aspects of the research study (Mohammad et al. 2016.). The work has been implemented in a span of 7 weeks. In each week, the research study moves a step closer to its respective study, and in attaining the objectives. Principal Activities Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 Research topic selection scope analysis Identification of the sources for secondary data Literature Review Description of Research Methodology Preparation of survey questions Collection of primary data Data analysis Comparison of findings Conclusion and recommendation Final submission Table: Time horizon for research Source: As created by author Description of the Research Process There are various methods of data collection associated with the research paper. The secondary data regarding the occupation status of the various employee of the company, can be derived from the labour records of the referred company. The second part of data collection could be done with the help of questionnaire being provided to all the workers of the company as mentioned in the appendix (Nathan and Gorman 2015). These question would focus at the occupation status, salary scale, time of their working period, and their challenges faced in the workplace. These questions would help in analysing their problems and would let us analyse the recommended measures that could be performed. The financial performance of the company needs to be dried in order to measure its productivity. This can be done from the companys website itself. Many companies provide their information regarding the finance revenue status, openly (Ledbetter, STASSEN?FERRARA and Dowd 2013). The quantitative analysis method, would be the use of mathematical and statistical tools and techniques. Their financial performance can be derived on the growth rate of the company , depending upon whether the company has raised its productivity or not. This can be analysed by focussing on the balance sheet, income statement and cash flow of the firm. As stated by Saunders and Lewis (2014), Qualitative analysis on the other hand would be done by attaining the questionnaire from various workers of the them, thereby running it on SPSS, that would produce their productivity report. Data Collection and Analysis Methods In this research method, data are collected both primarily and secondarily. The researcher has focussed the study on collection of two types of data , so that the objectives of the research is met. The researchers main focus is identifying the correlation between the productivity of the company and the employees occupation status. It is important to collect the relevant data from the workers, so that the results obtained from them could be easily interpreted (Warner et al. 2015). The raw data for the financial review o the company would be analysed from its website, that would help in analysing the companys revenue, cash flows, assets and liabilities. The data would be available in the annual financial report of the companies. Statistical analysis would be done in order to assess the correlation between the dependent and independent variable. Correlation would help in achieving the discretion between the outcome and the employee status of the company(Shi et al. 2013). After the calculation of the data, a correlation matrix would be formed, that would analyse the outcomes of the research done. Expected Research Outcomes The expected outcome of this research paper would help in achieving an analysis of the relation between the occupation status of an employee and the productivity of the referred company. The researcher will achieve a report depending upon the financial status of the company and the status of the workers employed in the company . With the use of statistical correlation, the research work would get an overview of the pattern in which these two variable are correlated to each other (Oreopoulos, Von Wachter and Heisz 2012.). Due to the shortage of time, the researcher might be facing some challenges in implementing the work in the given work time, yet the research work would be successful in aiming at the negative impacts that are caused by the short term employment statuses of the worker in a company (Sageer, Rafat and Agarwal 2012). The present study however aims at exposing the wrong notion held by the owners with regard to their employment schemes. It would help in attaining a vivid description as to how with the short term employment plans, the economic structure of the firm deteriorates with low productivity. Contribution Of The Research The research would help in providing with the informations of how a firm is dependant upon the functions of the employees. An employees producyivity is related to various factors such as work place, relation with the people, skills, accuracy, and the most important is the occupational status of the employee. The status of an employee can be both part time and ful time. Nowadays , firms employ people as part time employees, in order to reduce theuir ciost of production. This research would provide with the evidence of how this statement is based on a false belief. The productivity of the firm faces hindrance by employing many [art time employees as they tend to get detatched from the work and consider themselves underpriviledged . This creates a sense of insecurity and lack of eagerness to work in the company. The data that would be achieved by conducting the analysis would provide a clear view of how the productivity of a firm is determined on its employees occupational status. Conclusion the aim of this research proposal is to attain the permission of performing a research work based on teh measurements of productivity of a firm, which is dpendant on the occupational status of its employees. it would provide an efficient framework in determining how the people working in the company would help in providing a better economic structure. the direct and indirect factors affecting the quality of work of the employees are supposed to be analysed in this research that would provide us with a clear idea regarding the productivity factors of both the workers and the firm. References Brynjolfsson, E. and McAfee, A., 2012.Race against the machine: How the digital revolution is accelerating innovation, driving productivity, and irreversibly transforming employment and the economy. Brynjolfsson and McAfee. Burke, W.W., 2013.Organization change: Theory and practice. Sage Publications. Carraher, S.M., Carraher, S.C. and Millage, P., 2013. Pay Satisfaction of Small to Medium sized Enterprise (SME) Owners in Scandinavia and the Baltics: An Examination of Jaques' Equity Construct and Lawler's Discrepancy Measure.International Journal of Global Management Studies Professional,5(1). Deakin, S.F. and Morris, G.S., 2012.Labour law. Hart publishing. Ganster, D.C. and Rosen, C.C., 2013. Work stress and employee health A multidisciplinary review.Journal of Management, p.0149206313475815. Ledbetter, A.M., STASSEN?FERRARA, H.M. and Dowd, M.M., 2013. Comparing equity and self?expansion theory approaches to relational maintenance.Personal Relationships,20(1), pp.38-51. Martin, R., 2013. Rethinking the decision factory.Harvard Business Review,91, pp.96-104. McKown, C., 2013. Social Equity Theory and Racial?Ethnic Achievement Gaps.Child development,84(4), pp.1120-1136. McMichael, P., 2016.Development and social change: A global perspective. Sage Publications. Mohammad, I., van den Broek, H., Boots, M.L. and Wong, R., Oracle International Corporation, 2016.Showing relationships between tasks in a Gantt chart. U.S. Patent 9,336,502. Nathan, P.E. and Gorman, J.M. eds., 2015.A guide to treatments that work. Oxford University Press. Oreopoulos, P., Von Wachter, T. and Heisz, A., 2012. The short-and long-term career effects of graduating in a recession.American Economic Journal: Applied Economics,4(1), pp.1-29. Payne, M., 2014.Modern social work theory. Palgrave Macmillan. Prochaska, J.O., 2013. Transtheoretical model of behavior change. InEncyclopedia of behavioral medicine(pp. 1997-2000). Springer New York. Sageer, A., Rafat, S. and Agarwal, P., 2012. Identification of variables affecting employee satisfaction and their impact on the organization.IOSR Journal of business and management,5(1), pp.32-39. Saunders, M.N. and Lewis, P., 2014.Doing research in business and management: An essential guide to planning your project. Pearson Higher Ed. Shi, Y., Sears, L.E., Coberley, C.R. and Pope, J.E., 2013. Classification of individual well-being scores for the determination of adverse health and productivity outcomes in employee populations.Population health management,16(2), pp.90-98. Siegrist, J. and Wahrendorf, M. eds., 2016.Work stress and health in a globalized economy: The model of effort-reward imbalance. Springer. Smelser, N.J., 2013.Social change in the industrial revolution: An application of theory to the British cotton industry. Routledge. Warner, A.W., Forstater, M., Rosen, S. and Heilbroner, R., 2015.Commitment to Full Employment: Macroeconomics and Social Policy in Memory of William S. Vickrey. Routledge.

Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century

Introduction Ever since the origination of the concept of feminism, it has gradually grown to become a global process. The equality of women was the issue, remaining keen for many nations for a long time. The issue was promoted through circulation of ideologies and practices, which facilitated the discussions of the human rights based on gender.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other processes, such as socialist revolution, capitalism and imperialism, also influenced the social minds and contributed to the demand for equality of women. It is pertinent to mention that feminism, essentially, generated the geo-political structures across the world. However, it is, indeed, necessary to explore feminism at the local level in order to fully understand as well as appreciate how the concept was applied by women to demand for their rights. When feminism is studied from the standpoint of history of certain countries, it is possible for the audience to create a clear correlation between the global and local factors that have accelerated the spirit of feminism. On the same note, the desire of modernity among women leaders who have fought for equal rights should also be brought into perspective with the aim of understanding both the micro and macro processes, which have continually constituted the feminism. It is obvious that the feminism has always taken the perspective of the global discourse. In this particular paper, the history of Chinese feminism has been analyzed bearing in mind that this area of discussion represented the topic of the scholarly interest. It is against this backdrop that this essay gives a succinct discussion of the Chinese feminism in the early 20th century, the roots of feminism in the communist women’s movement, and the demand for human rights by women activists in China. The roots of fe minism and demand for human rights Wang provides a critical analysis of the relationship between the gender bias and women discrimination. He tries to take into account various factors influencing the gender inequality. The author stresses that the mentality of the nation as well as the cultural and social norms play a crucial role in this respect. In addition, it is important to mention that the feminist ideals, which were eventually embraced and adopted in China, were the results of the influence of foreign countries.1Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Throughout the paper, the global context of Chinese feminism has been brought into focus with the aim of discussing some of the core factors, which led to the demand for equality by scholarly Chinese women. It is worthy to note that there are scores of historical contexts that are yet to be unearthed in regard to early feminism i n China in spite of the large amount of work already documented by historians. Firstly, it is pertinent to mention that the conceptual and linguistic understanding of Chinese feminism is very controversial and ambivalent. For instance, when discussing the subject of feminism, it becomes clear that it is all about the pursuit of equal power or rights between men and women.2Although the term has been used and even interpreted differently by some male chauvinists, the meaning has never been diluted. It is not surprising that feminism is used derisively in China even in the modern society. Lingzhen holds the perspective that during the 20th century, the role played by women was heavily hampered by the local cultural practices. Moreover, they signified their positions in relation to the rights of the female gender. Furthermore, the Chinese people were brought up in the social environment with the specific systems of operations properly designed for both the male and female gender. As a r esult of the latter, the Chinese people were used to the social life that largely controlled their unique roles, responsibilities and powers. When the aspect of feminism was introduced in China in early 20th century, a lot of social changes were implemented.3 When the multiethnic empire of Manchu or Qing went down, a lot of transformations took place not only in China, but also in the neighboring countries including Japan. For instance, the decline led to the unprecedented rise of Japan. Moreover, the East Asian region experienced rather unique geo-political alignment, especially, towards the end of the 19th century. After China was outwitted by Japan in the 1895 battle, several reformers in China changed their perceptions and, for the first time, they considered Japan to be a real enemy as well as a neighbor worthwhile emulating. In other words, Japan became a center of attraction of diplomats, artists and students taking into account that it had proved itself as the powerful state in the East Asian region. The massive movement of foreigners to Japan also led to the transfer and distribution of new ideologies based on citizenship, gender and nationhood. As Japan continued to embrace and adopt new ideas, reformers in China also felt the urgent need to keep in pace with their immediate enemy who had proved to be very successful.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The second half of the XX century in China was characterized by the dominance of the caste system. Undoubtedly, it facilitated the social inequality. In addition, the impact of the religious traditions contributed to the discrimination of women in the Chinese society. Later, when China became influenced by the intensifying process of globalization, the issue of gender inequality was one of the most urgent topics for debates in the Chinese society. One of the strongest influences that gripped Japan was the birth of ‘women’s rights’ concept. A ripple effect of this concept was immediately circulated in China in the early 20th century. The assertion of women’s rights in China during the early 20th century represented the effort aimed at making sure that the Qing legal codes were modern enough and compatible with the changing societal needs. In addition, reformers in China argued that the most part of institutions had to be reformed. This marked the onset of Chinese feminism in the early 20th century.  According to Leung, the evaluation of the role of feminism usually involves the transition of the female gender from the state of being discriminated to freedom. The author attempts to seek the root cause of feminism in China during the 20th century. The first feminists’ movements in China appeared before the Mao regime and continued to grow after its fall. The issue of social and gender inequality became widely discussed in the Chinese society.4 These statements agree with the views expressed in the book Women in the Chinese enlightenment: oral and textual histories by Zheng, who provides an in-depth analysis of the roots and consequences of the social transformations in the country.5 From the early times, several shortcomings had been noted in regard to military reforms and the Qing legal governance codes. The cultural innovations were not on track in contrast to the demand of the society. By 1911, the dynasty had already collapsed. This fact ushered the period of warlordism and the first republic functioning, which was quite short in length. The latter lasted from 1912 to 1915.5 The KMT or Nationalist period lasted from 1927 to 1949 and was generally referred to as the second republic. It was during this period, when both social and political sanity was created in China. During the same time, the emergence of several social classes occurred. It was accompanied by the incept ion of myriads of subjectivities. The ‘new women’, urban dwellers, workers and professionals were some of the most salient groups of people, which emerged during the second republic. It is vital to mention that these individuals were also a part and parcel of activists who demanded for urgent reforms to be undertaken in China. Before globalization, social classes were mostly divided on the powerful and the powerless with the position of women remaining discriminated and oppressed by the men.Advertising Looking for research paper on history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More There was also economic disparity between the people born in the privileged wealthy classes and those, who represented the poor classes. There was a common opinion, in accordance to which the male gender held on to power and, as a result, it was a quite cumbersome for the female gender to acquire a similar status in society. The role played by the print media in promoting the rights of women cannot be forgotten in this discussion. Most importantly, women magazines played a crucial role in advancing of the new ideas, which were portrayed by the female activists, especially with respect to the basic rights. The Republican China also gave rise to the emergence of subjectivities, both males and females, originated from the bourgeois social layer. Tripartite circulation of fresh ideologies, which were considered a lot in terms of womanhood, were also the major stride made towards the introduction of feminism concept. China, Japan and Euro-America were the important vessels through which women ideals were circulated. Zhong pays attention to the historic process of the development of feminists’ movements in China. He mentions that the Chinese women achieved a lot in their pursuit of the gender equality. In particular, the full empowerment was guaranteed to them.6  In 1921, the Chinese Communist Party (CPP) was established. Later, in 1949, the People’s Republic of China was inaugurated. These two successive events in China brought up a completely new face and dimension in the discussion of feminism. Women’s movements and the raging debates on equality were also brought into the limelight. For the first time ever, several calls for women’s liberation came into the fore. Moreover, the discursive fields of equality received a major support from workers and other professionals. According to Zhong, gender differences between men and women in society were the major factors that defined the roles and positions, which could be taken by either men or women. Since historic times, and particularly the mid-20th century, women had the lower status in society. The situation was the same in the traditional Chinese society. After the adoption of various demands expressed by women, modern China has become made up of a males and females who are fairly empowered.  In spite of the efforts to pursue feminism in China, it took quite a long time to change the perspectives of the Qing rulers. Surprisingly, it was factual that even some women in China did not support nuxing zhuyi, as the article posited.7 For a long time, the Maoist policies had been used in the most draconian manner. Hence, there was a deep desire among reformers to push forward the revision of the systems of governance. For instance, there were several instances when women were harassed, prejudiced, or even discriminated in favor of men. The discriminatory policies against women led to calls for equality and liberty among the womenfolk. According to Leung, social classe s which were established when the Mao era was actively in place was mainly made up of clear differences between individuals and groups.  Between the first and second republic, a female role model with unique description was born. It represented an educated and working class of woman. They were considered to be independent-minded and resolute. Some of them were working in both print and visual media and, therefore, had better chances of airing the views of women suppressed by male dominance. These pioneering women were a landmark in the history of feminism in China bearing in mind that they marked the beginning of a long period of liberation struggle that would eventually shape the modern China. Besides, most Chinese historians who produced a lot of literature on feminism tended to agree that the western feminists significantly influenced the Chinese women in the struggle for their rights and equality. The post-Mao reform period was also instrumental in creating a level playing gro und for both men and women. Zarrow is of the opinion that the Chinese feminism in the early 20th century was occasioned by the desire for reforms and internal revolution especially among the womenfolk.8 The author undertakes an in-depth analysis of feminism in China with the aim of exploring revolution in terms of rights, freedoms and equality for women in addition to provision of a clear correlation between the historical background and current events. In retrospect, Zarrow points out that it took quite a long time for the Communist women movements to take off.9 The Japan factor must have significantly contributed to the onset of the feminism in China.  There are three outstanding themes that can be individually pointed out when exploring feminism in China during the early 20th century period. Firstly, women’s power and women’s rights emerged as very powerful terms during the early feminist era in China. The latter were embedded under the concept of n ¨uquan. Seco ndly, the visions of modernity as well as the media appeal were also brought out clearly in this context. Finally, the contending discourses were explored in terms of the feminist body, which was used as the points for initiating the scathing attacks against the non-reformers. The draconian Maoist regime was one of the targets of feminist movements.  The perspective taken by Zarrow is almost similar to that of Hershatter. Both authors are quite categorical that social inequality in society posed myriads of challenges to the economic and social well being of the Chinese people.10 In any case, China went through a long period of social inequality. This vice was largely occasioned by gender differences that eventually led to the wide disparity between males and females.  During the first ten years of the 20th century, several Chinese female elites changed the perspective of women’s rights. These elites made several deliberate efforts and attempts to expound the meanings of n ew womanhood and modernity. They employed all methods to push for the rights of women in political participation, sport activities, the achievement of economic independence as well as gaining high quality education. The elites created sharp comparisons between the foreign and Chinese women so that the world could agree with the need for reforms. In most instances, several social practices were legitimized among women in China after their statuses were compared to those of the western females who had been already declared them as being ‘liberal’. The unstable interpretations of modernity were mainly agitated for by the female Chinese readers and writers. These attempts were undertaken by the new Chinese Republic to pursue the ideals of other western countries.  Wesocky indicates to the major factors influencing the solving of the problem of gender inequality in China. Feminism in China was also generated as a result of rampant discrimination that had dominated the Chin ese society. By employing various suitable theoretical frameworks, Wesocky explores globalization, internal and environmental aspects that have been instrumental in the process of women emancipation.11  It is clear that the print media played a major role in relaying lively discourses on the ‘new women’s’ ideals. This debate continued even after the fail of each attempt to push for women’s suffrage in 1912. In any case, women were not allowed to take part in electoral processes or even vie for the political positions. The female elites saw this as a deliberate move to gag the female world in their pursuit for equality and justice.  A new peak of the women’s rights discourse was attained during one of the celebrations of the New Cultural Movement. The latter organization lasted between 1915 and 1924. On May 4th, theoretical underpinnings and shifted focuses were addressed to the issue of women’s rights.12 It is also vital to explore the pe rspectives and views presented by Chen in regard to feminism in China. For a considerable length of time, gender discrimination in terms of color, sex, race and ethnicity in society had been a major impediment towards attaining specific development goals in China.13 In 1915, the debates on the issue of the social discrimination contributed the conflicts inside of the country. The Chinese feminists stressed that the society appreciated males much higher than the females.  During the May Fourth New Cultural Movement (1915–24), debates on women’s rights reached a new peak with shifted focuses and theoretical underpinnings. For instance, motherhood was given the new scientific definition and promotion. They were completely different from the old assertions by male scholars that mothers were the foundation of any nation.14 It was claimed that the healthier progeny had to be pursued by mothers in spite of the fact that they had to be given the right to be engaged in the ro mantic relationships and the right to be the child bearers. Some of the additional rights that were agitated for by women included the right to divorce a partner, freedom of choosing a spouse, and the right for sexual intercourse. Globalization has become a key contributor to the solving of the social issues in China. Furthermore, it has opened up the possibilities for women to secure their freedoms and to be the active participants of the social life. The May Fourth period was characterized by the discourse to unearth the actual definition of ‘women’s rights’. In the early 1920s, there were several feminist organizations that had been formed in China. These organizations were keen in making sure that certain rights and freedoms were guaranteed to women. For example, matters relating to marriage and divorce were very special in these debates. The feminist movements demanded for the ability of women to choose when to get married or even to get the divorce. The nat ionwide movements also demanded for the equality in both political participation and the access to education.15 The movements were specifically interested in improving the overall well being of women in all spheres of life. When it came to political representation, feminist movements argued that women were also fit enough to stand out as nationalists. To the large extent, several feminist movements were turned into the political instruments and not just the mere pressure groups. The privileges enjoyed by men when it came to political positions were, indeed, some of the core reasons why these feminist movements fought for equal representation in politics. Chinese feminism also emerged at the time when the abilities of women were vastly used as a battle field for the reforms. During the early 20th century, the public discourse put the additional emphasis on the role of women in society and how the women could be used to propel the development. In addition, social Darwinism and evoluti onism were the key elements in the reform agenda, which was mainly pursued by the female activists. Towards the end of the Qing period, nationalism had already integrated the power of the feminist body in the fight for justice and equality. In most cases, there was the increasing expansion of the visual representation, especially using the print media. Conclusion Summing up, it is vital to reiterate that Chinese feminism during the early 20th century emerged at the time when there was mass discrimination of women in the educational, political and other social spheres of life. In particular, it is vital to underscore the historic events occurred, when China was defeated in the war with Japan, because it became apparent that the local governance systems were not viable enough. It can be recalled that the Qing codes of governance were unpopular among the general Chinese population and the first calls for reforms had been initiated long before the establishment of the feminist movements .  Many political theorists held the assumption that the western influence contributed significantly to the feminist movements in China. Taking into account that this assertion may be factual, we also need to comprehend that the neighboring Japanese state gave an impetus to reforms in China, especially when several influential travelers visited the country. These foreigners came along with clear and convincing messages of reforms that gradually transformed the face of Japan as well as the traditional instruments of governance. The autocratic Maoist regime cannot be also forgotten taking into consideration the rapid reforms that took place in China during the early 20th century. The communist ideals were not merely used to oppress the subjects. Women also found themselves in the midst of deep discrimination. For instance, their attempt to push for women suffrage had been rudely suppressed before the end of 1912. Finally, after the first and second republic as well as the May Forth era, calls for equality and basic rights for women intensified. The feminist movements agitated for freedom of choosing spouses, right to divorce, right to universal suffrage as well as right to equal and quality education. Presentation Script It is pertinent to underscore that feminism is not a new concept in the modern world bearing in mind that it has been embraced across various jurisdictions. The fight for equality and basic rights among women became rife in China during the early decades of the 20th century. In any case, the call for equality by the Chinese female elites was not an accident since the gender discrimination had long been supported by the old Chinese regimes. It should be understood that the women in China had not been provided the equal and fair rights for a long period of time. For example, it required a lot of time and efforts to promote and implement the women suffrage. The women were not constitutionally allowed to take part in the electoral processes. In ad dition, the quality of education, which women obtained, was far much below the standard compared to the education obtained by the men. The desire to fight for the rights of women did not start in China. However, the feminist movement in the country was influenced by the western feminists’ organizations, which had already taken the step ahead in relation to the gaining of the equal rights with the men. Secondly, the Chinese women were also influenced by the rapid gender reforms, which took place in Japan, especially after the visit of the country by the huge number of foreigners. They influenced the tradition and culture of China. The overseas travelers instigated a lot of reforms especially in the field of gender roles and duties. For a long time, the East Asian region had been left behind the emerging global trends. When Japan began embracing the western ideals, the Chinese elites such as professionals in various fields gave a lot of support to them. Ultimately, the authorit arian Qing codes, which were dominant before the birth of the first and second republics in China, were the major constraints on the pursuit of the gender equality in China. Bibliography Chen, Ya-chen. The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011. Croll, Elisabeth. Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013. Hershatter, Gail. Women in China’s long twentieth century (Global, area, and international archive). Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2007. Leung, Alicia. â€Å"Feminism in transition: Chinese culture, ideology and the development of the women’s movement in China†. Asia Pacific Joumal of Management 20, no.3 (2003): 359-374. Wang, Lingzhen. â€Å"Gender and sexual differences in 1980s china: introducing Li Xiaojiang.† A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 8-22. Wesocky, Sharon. Chinese feminism faces globa lization., New York, NY: Routledge, 2002. Zarrow, Peter. â€Å"He Zhen and Anarcho-feminism in China†. The Journal of Asian Studies  47, no. 4 (1988): 796-813. Zheng, Wang. Women in the Chinese enlightenment: oral and textual histories, Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2013. Zhong, Xueping. â€Å"Who is a feminist? Understanding the ambivalence towards shanghai baby, ‘body writing’ and feminism in post-women’s liberation China†. Gender History 18, no. 3 (2006): 635–660. Footnotes 1Lingzhen Wang, â€Å"Gender and sexual differences in 1980s china: introducing Li Xiaojiang,† A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 24, no. 2 (2013): 12. 2 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 84. 3 Ibid 4 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 82. 5 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalization. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 101. 6Xueping Zhong, â€Å"Who is a feminist? Understanding the ambivalence towards shanghai baby, ‘body writing’ and feminism in post-women’s liberation China†, Gender History 18 no. 3 (2006):640. 7 Elisabeth Croll, Feminism and Socialism in China (Routledge Revivals). (Boston, USA; Routledge and Keagan Paul, 2013), 83 8Peter Zarrow, â€Å"He Zhen and Anarcho-feminism in China†, The Journal of Asian Studies  47, no. 4 (1988), 798. 9 Ibid, 801 10+Gail Hershatter, Women in China’s long twentieth century (Global, area, and international archive). (Berkeley, LA: University of California Press, 2007), 32 11 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalization. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 103. 12 Sharon Wesocky, Chinese feminism faces globalization. (New York, NY: Routledge, 2002), 101. 13Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pall grave Macmillan, 2011), 72 14 Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011), 73 15 Ya-chen Chen, The many dimensions of Chinese feminism: Breaking Feminist Waves. (New York, NY: Pallgrave Macmillan, 2011), 85 This research paper on Chinese feminism in the early 20th Century was written and submitted by user Juliana P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How to Turn Lead Into Gold

How to Turn Lead Into Gold Before chemistry was a science, there was alchemy. One of the supreme quests of alchemy was to transmute  (transform) lead into gold. Lead (atomic number 82) and gold (atomic number 79) are defined as elements by the number of protons they possess. Changing the element requires changing the atomic (proton) number. The number of protons cannot be altered by any chemical means. However, physics may be used to add or remove protons and thereby change one element into another. Because lead is stable, forcing it to release three protons requires a vast input of energy, such that the cost of transmuting it greatly surpasses the value of the resulting gold. History Transmutation of lead into gold isnt just theoretically possible; it has been achieved! There are reports that Glenn Seaborg, 1951 Nobel Laureate in Chemistry, succeeded in transmuting a minute quantity of lead (possibly en route from bismuth, in 1980) into gold. There is an earlier report (1972) in which Soviet physicists at a nuclear research facility near Lake Baikal in Siberia accidentally discovered a reaction for turning lead into gold when they found the lead shielding of an experimental reactor had changed to gold. Transmutation Today Today particle accelerators routinely transmute elements. A charged particle is accelerated using electrical and magnetic fields. In a linear accelerator, the charged particles drift through a series of charged tubes separated by gaps. Every time the particle emerges between gaps, it is accelerated by the potential difference between adjacent segments. In a circular accelerator, magnetic fields accelerate particles moving in circular paths. In either case, the accelerated particle impacts a target material, potentially knocking free protons or neutrons and making a new element or isotope. Nuclear reactors also may be used for creating elements, although the conditions are less controlled. In nature, new elements are created by adding protons and neutrons to hydrogen atoms within the nucleus of a star, producing increasingly heavier elements, up to iron (atomic number 26). This process is called nucleosynthesis. Elements heavier than iron are formed in the stellar explosion of a supernova. In a supernova gold may be transformed into lead, but not the other way around. While it may never be commonplace to transmute lead into gold, it is practical to obtain gold from lead ores. The minerals galena (lead sulfide, PbS), cerussite (lead carbonate, PbCO3), and anglesite (lead sulfate, PbSO4) often contain zinc, gold, silver, and other metals. Once the ore has been pulverized, chemical techniques are sufficient to separate the gold from the lead. The result is almost alchemy.

Peer Review Paper for Watson's Theory Exemplar Assignment

Peer Review Paper for Watson's Theory Exemplar - Assignment Example The title used by the writer creates the impression of an analysis of Watson’s theory in the paper, making it suitable for readers interested in learning more about the theory. The title may also intrigue readers interested in studying the application of the theory to real life situations, and the writer has provided an instance of a nursing situation relevant to the theory. Due to the title, the paper may attract different readership whose interests lie in understanding, analyzing, or applying Watson’s Theory of Human Caring. Flow of the paper The paper is informative and interesting to read, and the writer maintains consistency to the topic throughout the discussion. The paper begins with an introduction that draws the attention of the reader into the philosophy of Watson’s theory, highlighting that caring is the ideal belief emphasized in nursing (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p2). The writer has provided the purpose and aim of the paper as an evaluation of t he application of Watson’s theory in a nurse-patient interaction. In addition, a succinct summary of the theory has been provided, which is essential in giving readers background information on the philosophy of the theory. The writer uses simple and clear statements to summarize Watson’s theory, with references to various authors whose works contribute to a better understanding of the theory. By providing background information and previous studies that support the theory, the writer helps interested readers with possible sources for more information relevant to human caring. However, the writer should define some of the medical terminologies used, or provide their relative meanings in layman terms (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p6). This would be useful to readers outside the field of medicine who would be interested in understanding the theory. The writer follows the summary of the theory with a nursing situation describing an interaction between a caregiver and a patient (Watson's Theory Exemplar, 2011 p4). By describing the interaction in the form of a real life, first-person encounter, the writer holds the interest of the reader throughout the narration. The interaction uses suspense to maintain the reader’s urge of knowing what transpired, and the writer skillfully integrates Watson’s theory of human caring into the nursing situation. To a large extent, the patient exemplar rouses the compassion and sympathy of the reader towards the patient, creating the desired urge of caring advocated by the theory. The writer maintains professionalism by withholding the identity of the patient, thus avoiding ethical issues that include confidentiality, privacy, and patient consent. The extensive use of medical terminology in the narration without proper definition may, however, lose the interest of a non-medical reader. A coherent flow is maintained as the writer applies Watson’s theory to the nursing situation. The nursing interv entions provided have been well discussed and explained, and the writer has maintained their relevance to the theory. The analysis of the patient exemplar in relation to Watson’s theory, particularly through the nursing interventions, portrays the relevance of the theory to care-giving and nursing practice. Similarly, the conclusion is relevant to the theory, and the observation made by the writer regarding the

Stuff paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stuff paper - Essay Example Coffee today is one of the most popular beverages in the world. The coffee beans are grinded to form a powder from which the beverage is prepared. It is one of the most popular beverages consumed by more than one third of the world’s total population. One major difference found in its consumption is in the way the drink is consumed around the world. (Kolecki, n.d). People, in general, prefer to consume coffee according to their taste and liking. This includes adding items like milk, creamer, and sugar to the actual coffee to create a particular individualized taste. Therefore, part of the attraction of coffee as a drink is the fact that one can personalize the drink to one’s individual liking. Coffee’s popularity has resulted in a wide demand and increased production throughout the world. The raw materials for coffee are obtained from a fruit’s seed, which is known as the coffee bean. (As You Sow, 2010). These beans are collected from the coffee trees that contain aromatic substances which add up to the taste of the beverage. When the berries are ripened, the beans provide a better taste for the beverage. The coffee trees themselves grow well in a climate of moderate temperature. Apart from the conditions of the climate, the soil too plays a vital role in cultivating the coffee beans. Fertile soil enables better cultivation and production of the coffee beans. A well maintained volcanic soil also helps in the cultivation, as it improves the flavor of the beans. The manufacturing process of coffee does not end up impacting the environment as severely as the manufacturing of other beverages. (Wintgens, 2009). The environmental consequence is certainly varied as the tree is grown in places where the natural soil is at its best. The cultivation does not include any artificial plantation or pesticides and hence it does not create chemical harm to the environment. Another aspect is the social consequences of the object, coffee. Due to the i ncreased production of coffee beans, countries like Brazil and Africa have extensively benefited. Since the country’s economic stability grows through the plantation of coffee beans, the social consequence is obviously beneficial (Wintgens, 2009). However, this does not mean that there are not any environmental consequences within the production of coffee. The actual use of the land to produce coffee is cause for some concern. Coffee is a cash crop, meaning that land is often cleared to grow it, and this can take away from even more sustainable resources. Some type of monitoring program can be implemented to ensure that other resources are not being stripped, or at least stripped beyond their capacity to reproduce themselves. Where the rainforest is involved, this has caused growing concern for many environmentalists, since much of the time the rainforest will be destroyed if profit is involved, and the rainforest is not something humans can recreate. Since many of the countr ies producing coffee are economically poor, they are willing to destroy natural resources in order to take advantage of greater economical gain (Wintgens, 2009). Coffee production can be made more sustainable through the monitoring of the land used in its development. If legislative rules are enacted to regulate the planting of coffee and the way coffee is grown, in order to

Symptoms Of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases Health And Social Care Essay

Symptoms Of Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Diseases Health And Social Care Essay Inflammation is a type of defence mechanism that the body exhibits in response to damage to part or all of its tissues. Depending on the severity of the insult and consequent damage to cells, the inflammatory response involves recruitment of varying proportions of neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes (both T and B cells), natural killer cells and cells of the monocyte macrophage lineage. Inflammation normally seeks to eliminate the cause of the insult and repair the damage caused. However, if the damage persists, persistent recruitment of inflammatory cells to the injured area will lead to further damage leading to chronic inflammation. [9] The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a hollow muscular tube running from the mouth to the anus. It is about 7 to 9 meters long in adult. The enormous mucosal surface, which is the innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract, is constantly exposed to a plethora of antigenic, mitogenic, mutagenic, and toxic stimuli thus clearly making th e gastrointestinal tract vulnerable to such inflammatory responses. [10] Gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases Inflammation can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract. Inflammatory Bowel Disease The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) are chronic inflammatory diseases affecting the gastrointestinal tract. IBD encompasses two forms of intestinal inflammation, namely ulcerative colitis and Crohns disease. Crohns Disease may affect all parts of the gastrointestinal tract, but more commonly it involves the distal part of the small intestine and the colon. On the other hand, ulcerative colitis results in colonic inflammation which can affect only the rectum, or can progress proximally to involve the colon, either partly or entirely [11]. Currently, the etiology of IBD is unknown, but recent investigations have identified contribution of genetic, environmental as well as immunological factors underlying the disease [12]. Susceptibility to disease is thereby determined by genes encoding immune responses which are triggered by environmental stimuli [13]. Figure 1.1 shows a combination of genetic and environmental culprits triggering activation of intestinal immune and non-immune syste ms which culminate in inflammation and tissue damage. [14] Figure 1.1: Etiology and pathogenesis of IBD. Current medical therapy of IBD consists of salicylates, corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and immunomodulators. However, their use is associated with severe side effects and complications, such as an increased rate of malignancies or infectious diseases. [15] Gastritis (Inflammation of stomach lining) Gastritis represents a group of disorders characterized by gastric epithelial cell injury and regeneration together with the induction of inflammatory changes in the gastric mucosa [16]. Inflammation of the gastric mucosa occurs as a result of an imbalance between mucosal defensive and aggressive factors. It is now well established that H. pylori infection is the cause of the most common form of chronic gastritis [17]. Studies have established that H.pylori directly contributes to abundant inflammatory response and cause injury to gastric epithelial cells through elaboration of cytotoxic factors and it may also make gastric epithelial cells more susceptible to carcinogenic conversion [18]. There is also evidence that drugs and alcohol may cause gastritis. Iron therapy has also been implicated as a cause of gastritis. Iron-pill gastritis involves mucosal erosion which is accompanied by acute and chronic inflammation and marked regenerative epithelial changes [19]. Autoimmune and hype rsensitivity reactions may also be culprits in gastritis. [20] Esophagitis (Inflammation of the oesophagus) Eosinophilic esophagitis is a chronic inflammatory condition whereby presence of dense eosinophilic inflammation of esophageal mucosa contributes to esophageal dysfunction. Eosinophilic esophagitis is a newly acknowledged disease whose incidence and prevalence is rapidly increasing in developed and developing countries [21]. The disease is a major cause of gastrointestinal morbidity among children and adults. It is thought to be immune mediated, whereby food or environmental antigens trigger a T-helper (Th)-2 inflammatory response. [22] Pancreatitis Chronic pancreatitis is well-known as a persistent inflammatory disorder of the pancreas, characterized by destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, maldigestion, chronic pain and diabetes mellitus. Susceptibility to chronic pancreatitis is inherited in a complex manner, involving mutations in several genes conferring various degrees of risk. [23] Although the exact etiology of acute and chronic pancreatitis is unknown, studies have revealed that they are most frequently caused by a high consumption of alcohol and tobacco [24]. Other common causes include gallstones, hypertriglyceridemia, hyperparathyroidism, trauma, pancreatic tumors, and intra-abdominal and non-abdominal surgery. Drugs constitute a relatively infrequent cause of acute pancreatitis and account for 1.4 to 2% of the cases in the general population. [25] Gastroenteritis Gastroenteritis refers to inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, involving the stomach and intestines. Acute gastroenteritis is a common disease occurring worldwide, which affects all age groups and leading to an estimated three million deaths annually. In many patients the causal agent cannot be identified, but research has implicated bacteria and parasites as well as viruses such as rotavirus, adenovirus, and caliciviruses as major culprits in causing gastroenteritis. [26] Symptoms of gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases Table 1.1: Symptoms of GI inflammation Gastrointestinal Inflammatory Disease Symptoms Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Diarrhoea Blood in stools Gastrointestinal bleeding Abdominal pain Fistulas (usually around the rectal area, may cause draining of pus, mucus, or stools) Constipation Weight loss [11] Gastritis Nausea Vomiting (possibly with blood) Abdominal pain and bloating Indigestion Loss of appetite Blood in the stools. [27] Esophagitis Food impactions Dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) Nausea Vomiting Heartburn chest pain or abdominal pain [28] Pancreatitis Abdominal pain Nausea Vomiting Weight loss Mild yellowing of skin (jaundice) Fatty stools [29] Gastroenteritis Abdominal pain Nausea and vomiting Diarrhoea Joint stiffness or muscle pain Poor feeding and weight loss [30] Biomarkers of Gastrointestinal inflammation Inflammatory activities occurring within the gastrointestinal tract can be assessed using a variety of techniques. Presently, the most reliable means to assess intestinal inflammation is endoscopy with mucosal biopsy. However, this technique is expensive, invasive, time-consuming and is not popular with patients [31]. Moreover, this technique requires a skilled operator and an uncomfortable preparatory regimen. Other techniques constitute measurement of conventional non-invasive acute-phase inflammatory markers in plasma and faeces. [32] Blood inflammatory biomarkers Serological biomarkers are principally produced when the intestine is exposed to the normal commensal bacteria and their increased levels might be indicative of an impaired or wrongly regulated inflammatory response. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), white blood cell count (WBC) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are well-established indicators of inflammatory conditions within the intestine. [33] C-reactive protein (CRP) CRP is one of the vital acute phase proteins in humans, which is normally produced in low quantities by hepatocytes (/= 30 kg/m2. However, this method has been subjected to criticism because it does not distinguish fat from fat-free mass such as muscle and bone [76]. In addition, it has also been observed that for the same value of BMI, women are, on average, fatter than men, and Asians are, on average, fatter than Caucasians [77]. Distribution of body fat is highly important in evaluating obesity-related health risks. It has been well-established that accumulation of intra-abdominal fat, that is central obesity, shows stronger correlation with disease states in comparison with total body fat [78]. According to a recent study, waist circumference, and not BMI, explains obesity-related health risk. [79] Obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation. The inflammatory process originates and resides mainly in adipose tissue, as it is responsible for production and secretion of various proteins involved in development of obesity related adverse health effects [80] . Through this mechanism, increasing obesity leads to reduction of adiponectin levels, which has anti-inflammatory properties, and to elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and results in systemic inflammation, including gastrointestinal inflammations. Intestinal inflammation is a key feature in severe obesity [81]. A study has established diet-induced intestinal inflammation as an early biomarker and mediator of obesity [82]. Findings in adult humans and in animals have suggested that the inflammatory status at mucosal surfaces of various organs including the adipose tissue, ooesophagus, pancreas, colon, which are associated with the increase of fat mass, may be involved in the pathogenetic pathways of obesity compli cations [81]. In addition, animal studies showed that obese mice display enhanced intestinal permeability [83]. Recent epidemiological studies have demonstrated that obesity is associated functional bowel disorders, which may have resulted from a low-grade inflammation [81]. Furthermore, obesity has been found to increase the severity of acute pancreatitis through amplification of the immune response to injury [84]. Obesity, especially abdominal obesity, was also found to be a significant risk factor for erosive esophagitis [85]. Very recently, an association of obesity with endoscopic gastritis was demonstrated. [86] Results of a recent study pointed that circulating neutrophils are greatly activated in severely obese subjects, thereby indicating the association between obesity and activation of the innate immune response. In addition, elevated levels of faecal calprotectin, which is a non-invasive biomarker of intestinal inflammation, have been reported in individuals with high BMI [87]. Another study demonstrated a strong correlation between circulating calprotectin levels with abdominal adiposity in Japanese men, and also showed that weight loss in the subjects led to decreased circulating calprotectin. [88] Genetics Gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases may also be influenced by genetic components. Family studies have revealed strong familial association and high sibling risk ratio in etiology of eosinophilic esophagitis. [89] Genetic factors also play a role in pancreatitis. [90] In addition, increased familial risk has also revealed a genetic basis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease [91], and an increased faecal calprotectin concentration has also been demonstrated in asymptomatic first-degree relatives of IBD patients, thus indicating a high prevalence of subclinical intestinal inflammation in them. [92] Gender Gender may play a role in gastrointestinal inflammatory diseases. Animal studies in mice have demonstrated  that females  develop more severe intestinal inflammation than do males [93]. On the other hand, a study has shown that bile reflux gastritis was more frequent to male gender [94]. Another study found a positive correlation between the male sex and pancreatitis [95]. Additional studies found that there is a slight preponderance of colitis ulcerosa in men and of Crohns disease in women [96]. Lifestyle factors Smoking Cigarette smoking affects ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohns disease (CD) in very different ways. According to recent studies, smoking cigarettes has a negative effect on the course of CD, and that smoking cigarettes may have a protective effect in some patients with UC [97]. Conversely, smoking cessation aggravates ulcerative colitis and improves CD [98]. Furthermore, studies showed that smoking conferred a strong, independent and dose-dependent risk of pancreatitis that may be additive or multiplicative when combined with alcohol. [99]. Alcohol Most cases of chronic pancreatitis are alcohol-related. [100] However, a recent study showed that faecal calprotectin concentrations in active-drinking alcoholics were not significantly different from the healthy controls thereby indicating the absence of a subclinical intestinal inflammation involving activation of neutrophils in the alcoholics. [101] Diet Pro- or prebiotics will directly influence the microbial flora, while immunonutrition, including omega-3 fatty acids and certain polyphenols, including green tea polyphenols, may reduce the symptoms of gut inflammation [102]. Studies have shown that lycopene, an antioxidant which is abundantly found in foods that have a natural red color such as tomato and watermelon, may play a role in attenuating the inflammatory process [103]. A study showed that intestinal bacteria and high fat diet interact to promote proinflammatory changes in the small intestine [104]. Certain studies suggested that refined sugar consumption might be a risk factor for Crohns Disease, but not Ulcerative Colitis. Fat intake is reportedly positively associated with ulcerative colitis [105], whereas vegetables and fiber consumption seem to decrease GI inflammatory process as shown by decreased faecal calprotectin [106]. Stress Psychological stress reportedly increases disease activity in inflammatory bowel disease by both direct and indirect mechanisms as shown below. [107] Figure 1.2: Direct and indirect ways by which stress can aggravate Inflammatory Bowel Diseases Socioeconomic status Epidemiological studies have demonstrated Inflammatory Bowel Diseases to be more prevalent among people of high socioeconomic status. Such an occurrence was explained by the hyegiene hypothesis, according to which individuals with higher standards of living may be living in cleaner environments and thus are more protected from childhood infections, but however exposure to infectious agents later in life makes them more vulnerable to chronic intestinal inflammation in adulthood [108]. A study in China demonstrated that levels of faecal calprotectin were significantly increased in the rural infants as compared to urban ones. [5] Gastric surgery Partial gastrectomy increases the risk for chronic pancreatitis in male alcoholics [109]. Appendectomy has possibly protective effects in ulcerative colitis but it is suggested as a risk factor in Crohns disease. Tonsillectomy is a risk factor for developing Crohns disease. [110]